What Would Happen If The Sun Disappeared ?

If the sun suddenly blinked out of existence, you'd have nothing to worry about.—for the first eight minutes, anyway. After that, all hell would likely break loose. Still, it wouldn't be the instantaneous end to life on Earth that you might think.

When The Light Go Down.

Light takes roughly eight minutes to reach Earth from the sun. For that reason, if the sun disappeared, we'd still see it in the sky for another eight minutes. But what about gravity? The sun is the anchor point of the solar system—at 333,000 times the mass of Earth, it exerts a hefty pull that keeps the planets locked in their orbits. If all that gravitational force disappeared, it would still take us eight minutes to feel it. That's because, according to Einstein's theory of relativity, gravity travels at the same speed as light. So go ahead, watch the rest of that Netflix episode. You'll be golden for another eight minutes.

Chaos Creeps In Slowly.

After that, though, Earth still wouldn't be snuffed out. Electricity would still work, and it would still take up to an hour for the light from our planets to be reflected back to Earth, so there would be a peaceful glow in the sky. With no sunlight, photosynthesis would stop, but that would only kill some of the plants—there are some larger trees that can survive for decades without it. Within a few days, however, the temperatures would begin to drop, and any humans left on the planet's surface would die soon after. Within two months, the ocean's surface would freeze over, but it would take another thousand years for our seas to freeze solid. By then, however, the atmosphere would collapse, radiation would seep in, and Earth would be an inhospitable wasteland drifting aimlessly through space. Lucky for you, the sun is showing no signs of disappearing any time soon.

Your Brain Makes Your Extra Antisocial When You're Sick

Being sick gives you an amazing excuse to cozy up on the couch and burn through four seasons of "RuPaul's Drag Race" in a single sitting. No shame. Your preference for shutting out the rest of the world while you're under the weather isn't just your imagination, either. When you're feeling sick and antisocial, blame your brain.

Leave me alone.

It's hard to get out of the house when you're sick, but that's not just because you're not feeling strong enough to put pants on. You're getting subconscious signals from your brain to ignore people at all costs. Because your immune system is connected to your brain, it may, in fact, influence your social behavior.

The vagus nerve is the connector; it's a network of fibers that  parts of your body like your gut and lymph nodes. This nerve can detect cytokines, which are compounds your immune system shoots out when you're battling an illness. Your brain gets word of the illness through the  nerve, and before you know it, you're glued to the couch.

Researchers speculate there are two main reasons your brain puts this homely spell on you. It's an evolutionary adaptation to keep you and the people around you healthy. If you stay inside when you're sick, you're much less likely to spread your illness around to other people. That wouldn't be beneficial for the survival of our species, right? Holing up at home also gives your body the time to fight the infection and bounce back.

Flip It And Reverse It.

Before you go blaming your immune system on your antisocial-ness, it can work in the total opposite way, too. If your health is firing on all cylinders, your brain may nudge you toward being extra extroverted. In a 2010 study, participants were given a flu shot. In the 48 hours following receiving the flu shot, participants "interacted with significantly more people, and in significantly larger groups."

Defend Your Brain With Yoga

Its origins may trace back over 5,000 years, when it was first referenced in sacred texts in Northern India. Today, yoga is one of the most popular forms of exercises around the world. Whether you prefer Ashtanga, Bikram, Kundalini, or another style, new research reveals another reason to make yoga part of your routine for life: its power to protect the brain against the cognitive decline of old age.

A Health Craze With a History.

Yoga had been practiced in the East for centuries before making its way west in the mid-1800s. Some evidence suggests Henry David Thoreau was likely the first American to practice. By the end of the century, yoga masters such as Swami Vivekananda began traveling to raise funds for their communities and share their culture and religion with the world.

It took a little while to catch on, but by the mid-twentieth century, yoga had become popular among Westerners for many benefits. Yoga has been associated with physical benefits like improved flexibility, metabolism, and muscle strength as well as mental health benefits like stress reduction and better focus. Beyond individual practice, yoga is also seen as a boon to public health, as it can be adapted for any age or ability level and can build a sense of community.

More Than Your Average Mind-body connection.

While much is known about the positive impacts yoga can have on health, there is still much to be learned about exactly how it works on a physiological level. Among the latest discoveries, a team of scientists in Brazil recently studied 21 elderly female yoga enthusiasts, who averaged 14.9 years of experience. They found the women to have have greater cortical thickness in the parts of the brains associated with cognitive functions such as attention and memory than a group of 21 of their non-yoga practicing peers.

Their research, published in the Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, suggests that practicing yoga could help ward off the decline of cognitive abilities as we get older. All exercise is arguably good for health, but according to the researchers, yoga's unique combination of physical and mental practices, including meditation appears to have greater benefits than other types of activity. While more further research needs to be done to know the full story of how yoga impacts the brain, the study provides new merit to incorporating yoga practice into any stage of life.

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Different Types Of Meditation Do Different Things To Your Brain.

When you think about meditation, you probably imagine someone splayed cross-legged with their eyes closed, perhaps while chanting. If you've tried your hand at meditation, you might even think about sitting quietly while focusing on your breath and the way your body feels. But just like there are many ways to exercise, there are many ways to meditate. And just like different exercises target different body parts, every technique targets something different in your brain.

Train Your Brain.

In 2017, two studies from the ReSource Project at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences in Leipzig, Germany were published in Science Advances. For the studies, researchers trained 300 volunteers in three meditation techniques. Then, they analyzed the effects of each technique as the volunteers practiced them regularly for three months apiece, one three-month period after the other.

Here's a rundown of how each technique works, and what it did to the volunteers' brains.

Mindfulness Meditation.

For this technique, which the researchers called "presence" meditation, people focused their attention simply on how it felt to breathe, gently guiding their focus back whenever it wandered. They also performed a "body scan" exercise, where they focused on the sensation and presence of each part of the body, one after the other, from the tips of the toes to the top of the head. They used these same mindfulness techniques in various other activities, such as focusing on how it felt to walk or zeroing in on sights, smells, and tastes.

One of the studies used MRI to assess the differences in brain structures after the training. Mindfulness meditation was associated with a thicker prefrontal cortex and parietal lobe, both of which are linked to attention control.

Compassion Meditation.

The researchers called this technique "loving-kindness" meditation. Compassion meditation is all about connecting with the feeling of love and care for something or someone else. In each session, volunteers began by imagining themselves and then a "benefactor" — someone who does them good, like a parent or a romantic partner — and extend feelings of love, kindness, and good wishes to both themselves and that benefactor.

Over the next several sessions, they extended those feelings to someone they felt neutral about, then to someone they had "difficulties" with, and finally to all beings on Earth. "To stabilize and foster experiences of loving-kindness," the researchers wrote, "we instructed participants to mentally repeat phrases such as 'May you be happy,' 'May you be healthy,' 'May you be safe,' and 'May you live with ease.'" They also focused on accepting their emotions and practicing forgiveness and self-compassion.

This portion also included a partner exercise. In the exercise, one person would tell the other person about something they experienced that day that was either difficult or made them feel grateful. The storyteller focused on how they felt at the time without interpreting the situation, and the listener listened attentively without giving any feedback. Then the roles were reversed.

After it was all over, the volunteers' brains showed increases in the limbic system, which processes emotions. They also had a boost to their anterior insula, which helps you consciously identify your emotions.

Perspective Taking- Training.

In the "perspective module," volunteers performed a solo exercise designed to help them observe their own thoughts as mental events instead of representations of reality. In the first phase, they trained to give their thoughts labels like "me" or "other," "past" or "future," or "positive" or "negative." As they became more experienced, they eventually just observed the comings and goings of thoughts without involving themselves in them.

The perspective module also had a partner exercise. First, all of these volunteers learned about the Internal Family Systems (IFS) approach, which divides the mind into subpersonalities or "inner parts," — for example, "managers" are parts that try to keep you in control of every situation, "exiles" are parts that try to protect you from pain, and "firefighters" are parts that react when exiles are activated in order to extinguish bad feelings.

After that, the partner exercise was a lot like the one used for compassion except that the stories were told from the perspective of one of these "inner parts" without telling the listener which one — the listener had to figure it out from the story. That helped the storyteller take a bird's-eye view of their own experiences, and the listener to infer the perspective of the storyteller.

This perspective-taking training was associated with thickening in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, the left occipital region, and the middle temporal gyrus — all of which are linked to Theory of Mind, the ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and perspectives that are different from yours and to infer what they might be.

Different Exercise For Different Strength.

Lead researcher Tania Singer laments the fact that people put all of these cognitive exercises into a big bucket labeled "meditation." "It's like asking a sport expert 'what does sport do to your body'. The expert would say, do you mean swimming or horse-riding? You can imagine mental training being as complex," she told New Scientist. So if you're considering starting a meditation regimen, don't just try any old technique. Think about what you want to accomplish, then find a meditation method designed to build those skills.

 That all for today friends . Have any quary ask in the comments.

5 Persuasion Tricks To Get People To Do What You Want.

We all want something, and a lot of times, it involves getting someone's help. Considering how much time we spend trying to persuade or convince others, it's surprising we don't stop more often to think about whether we're using the right methods. So why waste time trying new tactics when we can go straight to science? We've put together some tricks to help you get your way.

1. Explain The Reason For Your Request.

Think about a time you were in a huge hurry and you had to wait in line for something important. You might not have gotten too far if you simply asked, "Can I cut in line?" The likelihood of persuading someone to agree with your request would have increased by more than 50 percent if you had added one thing: a reason. "Can I cut in line because I need to catch my flight?" or even, "Can I cut in line because I'm in a rush?" The greater request, the greater the reason you should provide to truly increase your chances of getting what you want, but a little rationalizing can go a long way.

2. Listen First Then ask For The Favour.

Lynne Franklin is a consultant to executives and teams on persuasive communication, and she discussed the psychology of persuasion"It's called the rule of reciprocity," she told us. "Say something interesting and get them to speak. You learn more about who they are or what they do, They're more interested in reciprocating. I've listened first, now they want to ask me about me. So I've built good will without having said anything.".

This works well with people we've never met, but it's worth remembering that you can talk to someone you already know in order to achieve the same effect. "We as human beings have a tendency to decide what we want people to do and then tell them. And they don't care. They have their own agenda," Franklin explained.

"So how can you present your idea in a way that increases the chances that they'll actually want to do it? And in order to do that, you need to know who they are and what motivates them." You need to understand what they want and find a way to give them that by achieving what you want.

3. Give an actual gift in return for a person help.

Similar to exchanging information, the norm of reciprocity is a social convention that compels people to return a favor when someone has helped them. Charities use this principle when providing unconditional gifts like return address labels or even a pen or pencil, and it can increase donations by up to 75 percent. Just be careful when using this approach: providing external incentives can actually decrease giving in certain situations, particularly when it comes to charity.

4. Switch up the words you are using.

There are a lot of quick and dirty language tricks that, though subtle, can make a big difference when you're trying to persuade someone to do what you want. For instance, try saying "I" instead of "you" to remove the accusatory element of your statements, e.g. "You need to go to the grocery store," versus, "I feel stressed because I have to go to the grocery store."

If you're worried your request will be met with a hard "no," you can also try the magic words "but you are free [to refuse]" to double (!) your chances of getting what you want. And if you're the one saying "no" and you want people to accept your refusal, then say you "don't" do something instead of saying you "can't." This way, the person refusing won't be able to fight you with logic or find a way to turn "can't" into "can." Pay attention to your word choices and you never know what other neat tricks you'll find!

5. Ask in Person.

We all rely on email and other text-based communication these days, but it's never as effective as looking someone in the eye and asking for a favor. And the difference is massive: a pair of experiments conducted by researchers in 2016 concluded that complete strangers receiving a request in person were 34 times more likely to fill out a survey than strangers who were asked over email. If that's not a reason to ditch the keyboard for an IRL conversation, then we don't know what is.

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Want To Be happier ? Do One Creative Thing A Day.

Doing one creative thing each day, be it painting, playing the guitar, or even just cooking dinner, will increase your overall happiness.

Why It Matters?

There's nothing people like more than talking about how busy they are. Between work, family, work, friends, and work, it's all too common for people to complain that they just don't have time for pursuits like drawing or journaling or whipping up a meal. But a 2016 study published in the Journal of Positive Psychology found that we'd do well to make the time. According to the study, engaging in just one creative activity each day can increase your overall well-being, making you more likely to feel "energetic, enthusiastic, [and] excited."

At this point you might be thinking, "But I'm not a creative person, so I guess I'm just doomed to an unhappy life." Not so fast. According to the researchers' definition, "Creativity includes coming up with novel or original ideas; expressing oneself in an original and useful way; or spending time doing artistic activities (art, music, painting, writing, etc)." That's a pretty wide-ranging definition. A press release about the study explained that "the most common examples reported were songwriting; creative writing (poetry, short fiction); knitting and crochet; making new recipes; painting, drawing, and sketching; graphic and digital design; and musical performance."

Those who engaged in these activities didn't just feel better in the moment; they were happier the next day. Ultimately, the researchers found that being creative launches "a particular kind of upward spiral for well-being and creativity: engaging in creative behavior leads to increases in well-being the next day, and this increased well-being is likely to facilitate creative activity on the same day.

Why People Should Know About It .

Three words: Adult coloring books. According to Nielsen Bookscan, 12 million of these books were sold in 2015, and in the 12 months between May 2015 and April 2016, American adults spent more than $128.2 million on colored pencils. For those who haven't caught onto the craze, it might be tempting to write it off as child's play. But, according to the research, we'd all be smart to find some time to bust out the crayons.

That all for today guys meet you in a next interesting article if you have any quary ask in comment section and i will give you answer as soon as possible. And subscribe for more daily science related articles.

Spending Money On Experience Make You Happier.

If you've ever waffled over whether or not you should splurge on a big purchase like, say, a new car, or save up for that big trip to Europe you've always dreamed about you're not alone. A psychologist who has spent his life exploring the idea of living in the moment teamed up with a Cornell psychology professor and a doctoral candidate in an attempt to answer this question: does spending money on experiences make people happier than buying things?

We Appreciate Vacation More Than possession.

You didn't realize you hated your old couch until the exact moment you laid your eyes on an on-trend, blush-hued loveseat from a fancy furniture store's website. Sure, it's more than half your rent, and that trip to Mexico will have to be put on hold, but it's beautiful. You deserve it. Your excitement grows as you quickly confirm your purchase. Then, a strange thing happens...the couch takes forever to ship, making you a bit impatient. When it finally ships, you have to take time off work and wait for the dang thing to be delivered. You actually said no to a vacation for this?! According to Matthew Killingsworth, Thomas Gilovich, and Amit Kumar's 2014 study in the journal Psychological Science, that was a mistake.

As The Atlantic puts it, the emotion you feel while waiting for a material good, such as your trendy couch, to arrive is more likely to be impatience than excited anticipation. Plus, people get what's called a "hedonic adaptation," where things we're constantly exposed to just become background noise. How long will it take before your excitement over that new couch turns into the same hum-drum feeling you had for your old one?

That's all well and good, but experiences are fleeting too, aren't they? Yes, but not in the psychological sense. People feel more joy before, during, and long after an experience. This study claims that, unlike the impatience of waiting for your couch, waiting for a trip to Mexico with your friends would've been pleasant and exciting. Upon your return, the trip would give you a sense of nostalgia, with no risk of it disappearing into the background of your other daily thoughts. You know what you're getting when you purchase a couch—and it gets old—whereas the outcome of a vacation is somewhat mysterious. Not to mention, it's much more fun to hear stories about a crazy trip to Mexico than to hear about your velvet couch. (Just saying.)

You'll Thnak us Later.

Kumar notes to The Atlantic that this study's findings imply "notable real-world consequences." Gaining material possessions is often about instant gratification, putting on appearances, and keeping up with the Joneses. Buying experiences is associated more with identity and social connection. Kumar explains that if people are waiting in line for material goods, they're much more likely to treat each other badly (Black Friday shopping, anyone?). When people are waiting in line for an experience, such as a concert or a new brunch spot, they're more likely to stay positive and also be gracious and generous to others. You might enjoy looking at your new couch right now, but you'd forever be grateful for the time spent with friends drinking poolside margaritas.

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Does Money Buy Happiness ? That Depends On What Kind You Want.

We all know the tired cliché: "Money can't buy you happiness." But when you compare a Hollywood billionaire to someone who just got evicted from their apartment, the phrase starts to lose its meaning. Clearly, there's a certain amount of money that can mean the difference between happiness and misery. But what amount is that? In 2010, researchers decided to find out, and their answer was pretty interesting.

Day To Day Vs Big Picture.

For their study, which was published in the journal PNAS, Daniel Kahneman and Angus Deacon differentiated between two types of happiness. The first they called emotional well-being, defined as a person's day-to-day emotional experience—"the frequency and intensity of experiences of joy, stress, sadness, anger, and affection that make one's life pleasant or unpleasant," as the researchers put it. The second they called life evaluation, defined as the self-perception of one's life as a whole.

To gauge people's feelings on these two metrics, they asked 450,000 people questions about how they were feeling yesterday and how they see life as a whole, in addition to basic demographic information such as gender, age, and income. Questions about emotional experiences were things like "Did you feel stress during a lot of the day yesterday?" and "Did you smile or laugh a lot yesterday?" Life assessment, meanwhile, required people to imagine a ladder with numbered rungs—rung 0 at the bottom, representing the worst possible life, and rung 10 at the top, representing the best. The survey then asked, "On which step of the ladder would you say you personally feel you stand at this time?"

Pannies From heaven.

Here's what they found: when it comes to emotional well-being, money certainly does buy happiness—but only to a point. The more money you make, the more your day-to-day happiness improves, until you hit around $75,000 per year. After that, the improvement levels off. That means someone who makes $150,000 per year isn't likely to have a significantly happier day than someone making $75k. But when it comes to life evaluation? That's a whole different ballgame. No matter their income bracket, people who make more money have a more favorable evaluation of their own life as a whole. The study concluded that "high income buys life satisfaction but not happiness, and that low income is associated both with low life evaluation and low emotional well-being."

Why is this? Kahneman and Deacon have some ideas. "Low income exacerbates the emotional pain associated with such misfortunes as divorce, ill health, and being alone," they write. It could be that once you have enough to weather the storms that head your way, it doesn't matter how much extra you make—your day-to-day life is pretty much stable. But, the researchers note, it's generally recognized that overall life evaluation is tied to your level of education, which in turn is tied to your income. In that way, the fact that money can buy you a positive assessment of your life makes sense. Maybe it's time we all asked for a raise.

So That is for now friend happiness series going . There is a lot to tell you . If you have any questions ask in the comments section. And i will try to respond as soon as possible .Thank you.and this is the book i want to recommend you to know more about happiness.

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The Perma Model Is a Five Part To Approach To Finding Happiness

We all want to be happy. According to recent analyses of the self-improvement market in the U.S. alone, as much as $549 million per year is spent on self-help books, and self-improvement as a whole could represent a $10 billion per year industry. But what are the actual psychological components that define happiness?

Since 1998, a new field of study has sought to answer this and other questions about human behavior. Positive psychology is "the scientific study of what makes life most worth living," and it examines the biological, personal, relational, institutional, cultural, and global dimensions of life. The goal is to understand how to achieve eudaimonia, a Greek word which refers to a contented state of being healthy, happy, and prosperous.

Qualifying Happiness.

To help us think about what we need to do to flourish, positive psychology pioneer Martin Seligman developed The PERMA Model and described it in his 2011 book, "Flourish." According to Seligman, PERMA describes five important building blocks of well-being and happiness:

• Positive emotions – feeling good
• Engagement – being completely absorbed in activities
• Relationships – being authentically connected to others
• Meaning – purposeful existence
• Achievement – a sense of accomplishment and success

Seligman believes that focusing on all five of these elements can help people reach a life of fulfillment, happiness, and meaning. This model can also be applied to institutions to develop programs to help people develop new cognitive and emotional tools.

But knowing where to focus can be challenging.

"Generally, we have a consistent set of values, but we are constantly changing the way we rank those values based on what happens in our life," professional coach Stella Grizont in a interview.

Grizont was one of the first 150 people in the world to receive a master's degree in Applied Positive Psychology.

"You need to get really clear on describing your values. And values are the guiding principles for how you behave or the decisions you make," Grizont said. "Once we become aware of what it is that drives us, then we realize there are micro moments, opportunities [in our everyday life] for us to deepen them. Your most awesome life might be right there, but you're not always seeing it."

Grizont added that "a big mistake that I see people doing is trying to figure out 'what do I do next?' And I think the better question to ask is, 'How do I want to be?' Typically people will find that there are actually multiple possibilities they haven't explored yet because they haven't asked the right questions."

The psychology Of Happiness.

Executive coach and happiness expert Stella Grizont explains exactly how happiness works, why it matters, and the steps a person can take to find it. Grizont was one of the first graduate students in the world to receive a Masters in Applied Positive Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.

From speaking to consulting to coaching, Grizont designs immersive learning experiences for organizations like Google, Johnson & Johnson, and Columbia University. She has also coached more than 1,300 high performers in 17 countries, with a focus on working with executives to achieve greater impact, meaning, and satisfaction at work.

Don't Worry , Be Happy.

Positive psychology coach and speaker Stella Grizont discussed:

• The difference between positive psychology and traditional psychology.

• How and why she developed The Work Happiness Method™, and how it differs from the approaches of other life coaches.

• Why the U.S. rarely appears on lists of the world's happiest nations, and how Americans can adjust their priorities to become happier people.

• PERMA, the five pillars that contribute to a sense of aliveness and flourishing, according to the theory of well being in applied positive psychology.

• How the human body responds physiologically to feelings like loneliness and love.

• The psychological effects of complaining, and how to do it properly.

• Questions you can ask yourself in order to identify the specific causes for the problems in your life, and how you can adjust your everyday habits to resolve them.

• The evolutionary fear of awkward moments and the importance of play. Hey guys i  Am making a series on happiness science so this is the first article and the others  are coming soon. Love you... If you want us to make article on other interesting topics of science then comment
 us in comment section.

Albert Enstein's Theory of Happiness is a Simple Handwritten Note on How to Live a Happy Life

Here it is: your chance to read work by Albert Einstein that won't turn your brain into a black hole. This isn't his Theory of Relativity; this is his Theory of Happiness. Not only is it actually easy to understand, you can even apply his advice to your own life. Einstein is the gift that keeps on giving, isn't he?

Shut Up And Take My Money.

Albert Einstein made news in 2017 not for anything about gravitational waves or time dilation, but for how to be happy. On October 24, 2017, a simple handwritten note penned by Albert Einstein fetched $1.56 million at auction in Jerusalem. On the hotel notepad is Einstein's Theory of Happiness, which is less a fleshed-out scientific paper and more an inspirational tidbit.

The note reads "A calm and modest life brings more happiness than the pursuit of success combined with constant restlessness." The letter was originally estimated to sell for between $5,000 and $8,000, according to the Winner's Auctions and Exhibitions, but the bidding quickly escalated into six figures. Another note, which reads "When there's a will, there's a way," sold for $240,000 after it was initially predicted to sell for no more than $6,000.

A Generous Tip.

The notes that were purchased (the buyers and sellers were anonymous) are autographed pieces from a Tokyo hotel notepad. Behind the succinct writings, however, is a story. In 1922, Einstein traveled to the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo while on a lecture tour. He had recently discovered that he had won the Nobel Prize. A bellboy came to deliver a message to the physicist, but Einstein either had no change to tip him, had only big bills, or the bellboy refused to accept a tip, in line with local practice.

To avoid letting the kid go empty-handed for whichever reason and capitalizing on his soon-to-be growing fame, Einstein scrawled two messages on Imperial letterhead and handed them over. "If you are lucky, the notes themselves will someday be worth more than some spare change," Einstein said, according to the seller of the letters. The seller lives in Hamburg, Germany and was said to be the grandson of the mysterious hotel messenger's brother. As usual, Einstein's prediction was right on the money.

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How To Chose The Best Charity For Your Donation

The moment Thanksgiving is over in the U.S., the spending season begins: first there's Black Friday, then Cyber Monday. In 2012, Giving Tuesday arose as a way to celebrate altruism amid all the seasonal consumerism. But while most people probably check multiple buying guides and online reviews before choosing the products they order on Black Friday, few of us ever research the causes that get our donations. That's a mistake, because the charity you choose can make a massive difference in the impact your donation dollars have.

Eeny,Meeny,Miney,Mo

One of the most important choices you can make in your donation decision is which cause to support. Most people tend to go with a cause that's dear to their heart: maybe a relative has a certain disease, or you have personal experience with an important issue. The problem with choosing a charity this way is that if a cause immediately comes to your mind, it probably comes to the minds of a lot of people. That means that you're likely to choose a cause with a lot of support when you could have made your dollars go further with an issue that's less well known.

But there's another issue with choosing a charity this way. The fact is, a lot of charity programs don't work. Their heart is in the right place, but the numbers aren't: a 2015 literature survey found that of 90 educational interventions tested, 90 percent had "weak or no positive effects"; of employment-boosting programs, that figure was 75 percent.

So what's a good-hearted giver to do? A little extra research can ensure you get the biggest bang for your charity buck.

Put Your Money Where Your Mouse Is.

The nonprofit 80,000 Hours publishes a career guide for college graduates who want to make an impact on the world but don't know where to start. In it, they lay out the criteria they use to assess which issues are most urgent. According to them, the most pressing problems will have a good combination of the following characteristics:

• Scale: How big is the problem? How many lives does it affect? If we solved it today, how much would that benefit the world?
• Solvability: How easy is it to solve the problem? Do solutions already exist, and if so, how strong is the evidence behind them?
• Neglectedness: How many resources are already devoted to this problem? How many people know about it? Are there good reasons why it hasn't been solved yet?

Once you've chosen a cause, it's important to find out which solutions are best to put your dollar behind. Toby Ord, founder of Giving What We Can, uses the HIV/AIDS epidemic as an example.

Say you were considering supporting four interventions to fight AIDS: surgical treatment for an AIDS-related illness, antiretroviral therapy to fight the virus in people who are infected, prevention of transmission during pregnancy, condom distribution to prevent transmission on the whole, and education for the groups at highest risk of infection. Which one do you choose?

Without any research, you might think they're all just as cost effective. But in fact, the best of these is a whopping 1,400 times more cost-effective than the least: surgery barely registers on the chart, while education towers over the other methods. The more cost-effective the intervention, the more power your dollar has.

And don't discount putting money straight into the hands of the people who need it. Scientific evidence shows that when you give poor people money with no strings attached, they don't waste it. The charity GiveDirectly performed a randomized controlled trial in Kenya where they gave people different amounts of money and watched how they spent it. Overwhelmingly, the people spent the money on food and durable goods, often investing in livestock and building materials that helped secure their futures.

Once you've chosen a pressing issue with a cost-effective, evidence-based intervention, it's time to choose your charity. Sites like GuideStar, CharityNavigator, and CharityWatch are useful for rating charities themselves. They assess things like accountability, transparency, and financial health to make sure your donations are being used effectively and honestly. You can search the sites for the issues that you've chosen, and they'll show you the charities that can best put your donations to work to tackle the problem. After that, all that's left is to bask in the warm glow of charitable giving. That is for today guys meet you in a new science topic . If you like us then subscribe to get daily science article.

The Harder You Try Not To "Catch" A Yawn , the more Likely It Is You Will

Scientists aren't quite sure why we yawn, and even less certain of why it's so contagious. It's just an inexplicable compulsive behavior, like how some people feel the need to say, "I don't even own a TV," at the slightest provocation. But a new experiment has found that it's possible to alter the contagiousness of a yawn, and understanding how and why might be the key to addressing the symptoms of Tourette syndrome.

Don't Think Of a Pink Elephant Yawning

As it turns out, contagious yawns work a lot like the old instruction to "not think of a pink elephant." The more you try to follow the order, the harder you fail. In this study carried out by Stephen Jackson, professor of cognitive neuroscience at the University of Nottingham, participants were shown a series of videos of people yawning. Some of the subjects were told they should yawn when they felt compelled to, and the others were instructed not to yawn even if they felt the need

Well, the pink elephants won the day. When the researchers reviewed their data at the end of the study, they found that the people who were told not to yawn actually yawned the hardest. When it came down to actual yawns, stifled yawns, and perceived desire to yawn, the people who had been forbidden to do it came in at the top.

The study uncovered one other interesting tidbit. Not only was telling someone not to yawn a sure-fire way to get them to do it, but the actual intensity and frequency of those yawns turned out to be fairly predictable through transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a method for stimulating nerves with magnetic fields. TMS was used to quantify physiological inhibition and motor cortical excitability — that is, activity in the part of the brain responsible for movement — and turned out to be a pretty accurate predictor of exactly how badly an individual would be affected by an avalanche of yawns.

Stopping Contagious Behavior.

So it's not such a big deal that yawning is contagious. But according to another one of the study's architects, professor of cognitive neuropsychology Georgina Jackson, what they learned about the contagiousness of yawns could have widespread effects on other contagious activities, especially among people with conditions such as Tourettes, dementia, epilepsy, and autism.

"This research has shown that the 'urge' is increased by trying to stop yourself," she said. "Using electrical stimulation we were able to increase excitability and in doing so increase the propensity for contagious yawning. In Tourette's if we could reduce the excitability we might reduce the ticks and that's what we are working on."

You read that right — for now, the scientists have only been successful in increasing the yawning contagiousness. But that is just one step toward a better understanding of why these kinds of behaviors spread in the first place. Now, show this article to someone else, and tell them not to yawn while they're reading it.

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